Controlling a DC Motor
DC motors are widely used in many applications, from small hobby projects to industrial automation systems. They are simple to control and relatively inexpensive, making them a popular choice for many applications.
In this blog post, we will discuss how to control a DC motor using the L293D Motor Driver IC and an Arduino microcontroller.
The L293D motor IC can be used to control a DC motor by providing a variable amount of current to the motor's terminals and by reversing the direction of current flow through the motor's terminals.
The L293D has four input pins (IN1, IN2, IN3, IN4) and four output pins (OUT1, OUT2, OUT3, OUT4) that are used to control the direction and speed of the motor.
The L293D also contains two enable pins (EN1, EN2) which enable or disable the output driver. By providing a logically high or low signal to the enable pins, the L293D can turn the motor on and off.
It is important to note that the L293D requires a power supply with a voltage between 4.5V to 36V and it can drive a DC motor with a maximum current of up to 600mA.
PWM – to control speed
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique used to control the speed of a DC motor. It works by rapidly switching the power to the motor on and off, in a specific pattern.
The more often the power is switched on, the faster the motor will rotate. The Arduino can generate PWM signals on its digital output pins, which can be used to control the speed of the motor.
To control the speed of the motor, the L293D uses a PWM (pulse width modulation) signal on one of the input pins (IN3 or IN4) and one of the output pins (OUT3 or OUT4).
This PWM signal controls the amount of time that the output pin is at a logically high level, which controls the amount of current that is sent to the motor.
H-Bridge – to control the rotation direction
An H-Bridge is a type of circuit that is commonly used to control the direction of rotation of a DC motor. The L293D is a popular H-Bridge IC (integrated circuit) that is commonly used in robotics and other projects that involve controlling DC motors.
The L293D can control the direction of rotation of a DC motor by sending current in either direction through the motor's terminals. The L293D can also control the speed of the motor by adjusting the amount of current that is sent through the motor's terminals.
Also, read our blog on DC Motor Applications explaining DC motor applications in different industries, products, and types of DC motors.
L293D Motor Driver IC
The L293D Motor Driver IC is a popular choice for controlling DC motors. It is a dual H-bridge motor driver IC, which means it can control the speed and direction of two DC motors at the same time.
The L293D motor driver IC is designed to handle up to 600mA of current per motor, which is enough for most small to medium-sized motors.
Technical Specifications
- Supply Voltage: 4.5V to 36V
- Output Current: 600mA per channel
- Protection Diodes: Included
- Control Pins: 4
- Output Pins: 2 per channel
L293D Motor Driver IC Pinout
Power Pins: The L293D motor driver IC has two power pins, VCC1 and VCC2. VCC1 is used to supply power to the control logic of the IC, while VCC2 is used to supply power to the motors.
Output Pins: The L293D motor driver IC has four output pins, two per channel. These pins are used to connect the motors to the IC.
Direction Control Pins: The L293D motor driver IC has two direction control pins, one per channel. These pins are used to control the direction of rotation of the motors.
Speed Control Pins: The L293D motor driver IC has two-speed control pins, one per channel. These pins are used to control the speed of the motors by applying a PWM signal.
Wiring an L293D Motor Driver IC to an Arduino
To wire an L293D motor driver IC to an Arduino, you will need to connect the power pins of the IC to the power supply and connect the control pins of the IC to the digital output pins of the Arduino. The following diagram shows an example of how to wire an L293D motor driver IC to an Arduino:
Arduino Example Code
The following example code can be used to control the speed and direction of a DC motor using the L293D motor driver IC and an Arduino:
// Motor A connections
int enA = 9;
int in1 = 8;
int in2 = 7;
// Motor B connections
int enB = 3;
int in3 = 5;
int in4 = 4;
void setup() {
// Set all the motor control pins to outputs
pinMode(enA, OUTPUT);
pinMode(enB, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in4, OUTPUT);
// Turn off motors - Initial state
digitalWrite(in1, LOW);
digitalWrite(in2, LOW);
digitalWrite(in3, LOW);
digitalWrite(in4, LOW);
}
void loop() {
directionControl();
delay(1000);
speedControl();
delay(1000);
}
// This function lets you control the spinning direction of motors
void directionControl() {
// Set motors to maximum speed
// For PWM maximum possible values are 0 to 255
analogWrite(enA, 255);
analogWrite(enB, 255);
// Turn on motor A & B
digitalWrite(in1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(in2, LOW);
digitalWrite(in3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(in4, LOW);
delay(2000);
// Now change motor directions
digitalWrite(in1, LOW);
digitalWrite(in2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(in3, LOW);
digitalWrite(in4, HIGH);
delay(2000);
// Turn off motors
digitalWrite(in1, LOW);
digitalWrite(in2, LOW);
digitalWrite(in3, LOW);
digitalWrite(in4, LOW);
}
// This function lets you control speed of the motors
void speedControl() {
// Turn on motors
digitalWrite(in1, LOW);
digitalWrite(in2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(in3, LOW);
digitalWrite(in4, HIGH);
// Accelerate from zero to maximum speed
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
analogWrite(enA, i);
analogWrite(enB, i);
delay(20);
}
// Decelerate from maximum speed to zero
for (int i = 255; i >= 0; --i) {
analogWrite(enA, i);
analogWrite(enB, i);
delay(20);
}
// Now turn off motors
digitalWrite(in1, LOW);
digitalWrite(in2, LOW);
digitalWrite(in3, LOW);
digitalWrite(in4, LOW);
}
Conclusion
Using an L293D motor driver IC with an Arduino is an excellent way to achieve precise DC motor control in your projects. By following the steps outlined in this blog, you can easily wire the L293D to your Arduino and get started with controlling your motor. Whether you're an experienced maker or a beginner, this guide has everything you need to succeed. So why wait? Start controlling your DC motor today!
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